Rol de la morfología y dispersión de la onda P en la predicción de fibrilación auricular

RESUMEN Las características anisotrópicas ocasionadas por un miocardio auricular patológico pueden jugar un papel importante en la creación de circuitos de reentrada al causar propagación no homogénea y discontinua del impulso en el miocardio auricular. Este miocardio auricular alterado puede generar bloqueo unidireccional, retraso de la conducción y ritmos auriculares reentrantes. En estas condiciones la onda P del electrocardiograma (ECG) puede mostrar alteraciones que pueden asociarse con arritmias auriculares y fibrilación auricular (FA). La dispersión de la onda P (DP) se considera un marcador no invasivo del ECG para el remodelado auricular y es predictor sensible y específico del desarrollo de FA. Se ha demostrado que el aumento de la duración de la onda P y la DP reflejan la prolongación del tiempo de conducción auricular dentro de la aurícula derecha y entre ambas aurículas, y una propagación auricular no homogénea y discontinua de los impulsos sinusales. Un valor de corte de 40 ms de la DP demostró tener una sensibilidad del 83%, una especificidad del 85% y un valor predictivo positivo del 89% para la identificación de pacientes con antecedentes de FA paroxística aislada. Los pacientes con alteración de la morfología de la onda P y dispersión de la onda P en el ECG tienen una gran susceptibilidad a desarrollar FA porque poseen electrogramas endocárdicos auriculares anormalmente prolongados y fraccionados, una duración de onda P significativamente mayor, un tiempo de conducción intraauricular e interauricular significativamente más largo, y una mayor incidencia de inducción de fibrilación auricular sostenida.

ABSTRACT The anisotropic characteristics caused by a pathological atrial myocardium can play an important role in the creation of reentry circuits by causing discontinuous and inhomogeneous impulse propagation in the atrial myocardium. This altered atrial myocardium can lead to unidirectional block, conduction delay, and reentrant atrial rhythms. Under these conditions, the P wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) can demonstrate alterations that can be associated with atrial arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation (AF). The P-wave dispersion (PD) is considered a non-invasive ECG marker for atrial remodeling and is a sensitive and specific predictor of the development of AF. Increased P wave duration and PD have been shown to reflect prolonged atrial conduction time within the right atrium and between both atria, and discontinuous, inhomogeneous atrial propagation of sinus impulses. A cutoff value of 40 ms for PD was shown to have a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 85%, and a positive predictive value of 89% for the identification of patients with a history of isolated paroxysmal AF. Patients with abnormal P wave morphology and P wave dispersion on the ECG are highly susceptible to developing AF because they have abnormally prolonged and fractionated atrial endocardial electrograms, significantly longer P wave duration, and significantly longer intra-atrial and inter-atrial conduction time, and a higher incidence of sustained atrial fibrillation induction.

P-wave and QT Interval Dispersion Analysis in Children with End Stage Renal Disease on Regular Hemodialysis

Objectives: The consequences of hemodialysis on P-wave dispersion and QT dispersion have not been unequivocally documented and understood and may be complex. To investigate homogeneity disorders of atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization and tendency to develop various arrhythmias by demonstrating the effects of hemodialysis in children with end stage renal disease through assessment of P-wave dispersion and QT dispersion (By electrocardiograghy).Methods:Twenty end stage renal disease patients on conventional hemodialysis for at least 12 months and twenty healthy, age and sex matched volunteers were included. Patients underwent echocardiography to exclude any abnormalities of cardiac valves or muscle. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was undertaken in order to measure minimal and maximal (P wave and QT interval) durations, P wave dispersion and QT dispersion.Results:In patient group, males were 13, females were 7 with mean age of 11.9 ± 3.4 years, mean P wave dispersion and QT dispersion were significantly longer than control group. P wave dispersion was significantly shorter after dialysis (mean= 34 ± 13.1 ms) than before dialysis (mean=42.4 ± 14 ms), whereas QT dispersion was longer after dialysis (59 ± 19 ms) than before dialysis (55.5 ± 17 ms) but the differences in QT dispersion was not significant. Also, there was no correlation between neither P wave dispersion nor QT dispersion and the electrolytes.Conclusion:P wave dispersion and QT dispersion was found to be higher in end stage renal disease children on regular hemodialysis than healthy control subjects, indicating heterogeneity disorders of atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization in these patients and tendency to develop various arrhythmias

P-Wave and QT Dispersion in Children With βeta-Thalassemia

Aim:This study aimed atassessingP-wave and QT interval dispersion in children with β-thalassemia and to correlate them with various laboratory and echocardiographic data. Methodology:Subjects comprised of 30 children with β-thalassemia major as the patient group. 30 healthy children matched for age and sex served as the control group. All patients were evaluated clinically as well as by echocardiography and 12 leads ECG. The type of study isprospective case control study.Results:There was a statistically significant increase ofInterventricular Septal end diastole(IVSd),Interventricular Septal end systole(IVSs),Left Ventricular Internal Diameter end diastole (LVIDd), Left Ventricular Internal Diameter end systole(LVIDs) andLeft Ventricular Posterior Wall end diastole(LVPWd) in patients as compared to controls (Mean ±SD = 0.950±0.166, 0.863±0.103, 3.983±0.456, 2.947±0.535and 0.797±0.165 respectively) (P < 0.05). Moreover, there were a significant increase of LV mass (Mean ±SD = 107.267±26.736, P= 0.002) and LV mass index of the studied patients (Mean ±SD = 106.900±22.651, P = 0.005)compared to the controls. There were significant decrease ofejection fraction(EF%)(Mean ±SD = 60.373 ± 8.088, P = 0.032)and fractional shortening(FS%) (Mean ±SD = 29.495 ± 4.171, P = 0.026) of the studied patients compared to control group. Both P wave dispersion (PWd) (Mean ±SD = 33.667 ± 13.767, P = 0.029) and QT dispersion (QTd) (Mean ±SD = 53.000 ± 18.411, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between PWd and serum ferritin(r =0.551,P-value=0.002), LVIDd (r =0.406,P-value=0.026), LVPWd(r =0.461,P-value=0.010), LV mass (r =0.412,P-value=0.024), and LV mass index(r = 0.379,P-value=0.039). While, there were a significant positive correlations between QTd and serum ferritin (r =0.654,P-value <0.001), LVIDd (r = 0.388,P-value =0.034), LV mass (r = 0.454,P-value =0.012)and LV mass index (r = 0.456,P-value =0.011). Conclusion:P wave dispersion and QT dispersion were prolonged in children with β-thalassemia major denoting cardiac autonomic dysfunction with homogeneity disorders of atrial conduction and ventricular repolarization in these patients

Determination of the increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation in fibromyalgia syndrome

Abstract Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the leading cause of ischemic stroke and is one of the most common arrhythmias. Previous studies have shown that impaired diastolic functions, P wave dispersion (Pd), and prolonged atrial conduction times (ACT) are associated with increased incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to evaluate diastolic functions, Pd, and ACT in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients to determine whether there is an increase in the risk of developing AF. Methods: The study included a total of 140 female patients (70 FMS group, 70 healthy control group). Pd was evaluated using 12 lead electrocardiography (ECG), and diastolic functions and ACT with echocardiography. The ECG and echocardiographic evaluations were performed by different cardiologists blinded to the clinical information of the subjects. Results: There was no difference between the two groups in laboratory and clinical parameters. Patients with FMS had significantly higher echocardiographic parameters of ACT known as left-sided intra-atrial (13.9 ± 5.9 vs. 8.1 ± 1.8, p < 0.001), right-sided intra-atrial (21.9 ± 8.2 vs. 10.4 ± 3.5, p < 0.001) and interatrial [40 (25-64) ms vs. 23 (14-27) ms p < 0.001] electromechanical interval (EMI) compared with the control group. Pd was significantly greater in the FMS group compared with the control group [46 (29-62) ms vs. 32 (25-37) ms, p < 0.001]. In the FMS group, there was no significant relationship of the echocardiographic parameters of ACT, Pmax and Pd with age, E/A ratio and deceleration time (DT); while all these five parameters were significantly correlated with left atrial dimension, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ) and visual analogue scale (VAS). There was a strong correlation between FIQ and VAS and echocardiographic parameters of ACT, Pmax and Pd. Conclusions: Impaired diastolic functions, an increase in Pd, and prolongation of ACT were observed in FMS. Current disorders are thought to be associated with an increased risk of AF in FMS. The risk of developing AF increases with the severity of FMS and clinical progression.(AU)

An easy and reliable way to prevent electrocardiographic deteriorations of patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: preoperative anxiolytic treatment

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effects of preoperative anxiety relieving on electrophysiological changes in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: A total of 61 patients at ASA III risk group in the age range of 18-65 years were enrolled in the present study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group S (Sedation group) was administered 0.04 mg/kg lorazepam per os (PO) twice before the operation. Group C (control group) was not administered with any anxiolytic premedication. State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to evaluate the level of anxiety. Electrocardiography (ECG), pulse oximeter and standard monitoring were performed for each patient. QT and P dispersions in each derivation of all ECGs were calculated. Results: Preoperative STAI-I scores were significantly lower in sedation group compared to the controls. Mean values of QT dispersion measured before induction, at the 1st minute of induction, 30th second of intubation and 4th minute of intubation in sedation group were significantly reduced compared to controls (P=0.024; P=0.027; P=0.001; P=0.033, respectively). The mean values of P dispersion measured before induction, at the 3rd minute of induction, 30th second of intubation and 4th minute of intubation in sedation group were significantly reduced compared to controls (P=0.001; P=0.020; P=0.023; P=0.005, respectively). Conclusion: Elevated anxiety levels in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery have a negative effect through prolonged QT and P-wave dispersion times. Anxiolytic treatment before surgery may be useful to prevent ventricular and atrial arrhythmias and associated complications through decreasing the QT and P-wave dispersion duration.

Association of Oral Lichen Planus and Electrocardiographic P-Wave Dispersion - An Original Research

Abstract Lichen planus (LP) is considered to be a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disorder. Inflammation is considered to produce disturbances of lipid metabolism which may affect the myocardium. Increased P-Wave Dispersion (PWD) is demonstrated as an independent risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation (AF). Hence the present study has been conducted to explore the possible relationship of oral lichen planus (OLP) with AF by the evaluation of PWD. Twelve-lead electrocardiographs (ECG) were obtained from 45 OLP patients and 45 age and gender-matched healthy controls. The P-wave durations (Pmax and Pmin) were calculated in all 12 leads. The difference between Pmax and Pmin was defined as P-Wave Dispersion (PWD). After the PWD was recorded, the results were statistically analyzed. The study showed that PWD increased on surface ECG measurements in OLP patients who were otherwise asymptomatic in relation to cardiac conditions. The p value obtained was <0.001 which was highly significant. The present study suggests a highly statistically significant association of OLP with increased P-wave dispersion. Hence the patients with OLP should undergo cardiac evaluation and follow up for early detection of atrial fibrillation.

Resumo O líquen plano oral (LPO) é considerado um distúrbio inflamatório mediado por células T. Acredita-se que a inflamação produza distúrbios do metabolismo lipídico que podem afetar o miocárdio. Uma dispersão de onda-P (DOP) aumentada é demonstrada como um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de fibrilação atrial. Assim, o presente estudo foi conduzido para explorar a possível relação de LPO com fibrilação atrial pela avaliação por meio de DOP. Eletrocardiogramas (ECG) de 12 derivações foram obtidos de 45 pacientes com LPO e 45 controles saudáveis com idade e sexo equiparados. As durações das ondas P (Pmax e Pmin) foram calculadas em todas as 12 derivações. A diferença entre Pmax e Pmin foi definida como DOP e os valores analisados estatisticamente. O estudo mostrou que DOP aumentada nos ECG de superfície dos pacientes com OLP que eram assintomáticos em relação a condições cardíacas. O valor p obtido foi <0,001, altamente significativo. O presente estudo sugere uma associação altamente significativa estatisticamente entre OLP a DOP aumentada. Assim, os pacientes com OLP devem ser submetidos a avaliação cardíaca e acompanhamento para detecção precoce da fibrilação atrial.

Levels of uric acid and increased diastolic blood pressure: Risk factors for atrial fibrillation in patients older than 60 years / Niveles de ácido úrico y presión arterial diastólica elevada: factores de riesgo de fibrilación atrial en pacientes mayores de 60 años

Summary Objective: To characterize the maximum P-wave duration (Pmax) and P-wave dispersion (PWD) according to blood pressure (BP) and uric acid (UA) levels in geriatric patients. Method: An analytical study was performed in 83 patients aged over 60 years treated at the Family Medical Office 5 of the Aracelio Rodríguez Castellón Polyclinic, in Cienfuegos, Cuba between January and December 2015. The sample was divided into two groups (patients with hyperuricemia and patients with normal UA levels). Results: We found a linear and significant correlation between diastolic BP and Pmax in patients with hyperuricemia (r=0.695; p=0.026), but not in patients with normal UA (r=0.048; p=0.757). A linear and significant correlation was demonstrated between diastolic BP and PWD in patients with hyperuricemia (r=0.657; p=0.039), but not in patients with normal UA (r=0.054; p=0.730). Conclusion: There is correlation between diastolic BP and Pmax plus PWD in elderly patients with hyperuricemia.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar la máxima duración de la onda P (Pmáx) y la dispersión de la onda P (DP) según las cifras de tensión arterial (TA) y los niveles de ácido úrico en pacientes geriátricos. Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico en 83 pacientes mayores de 60 años pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico de la Familia 5 del Policlínico Aracelio Rodríguez Castellón, Cienfuegos, Cuba entre enero y diciembre de 2015. La muestra se dividió en dos grupos (pacientes con hiperuricemia y pacientes con AU normal). Resultados: Existe correlación lineal y significativa entre la tensión arterial diastólica y la Pmáx en los pacientes con hiperuricemia (r=0,695; p=0,026), mas no en los pacientes con AU normal (r=0,048; p=0,757). Se demuestra correlación lineal y significativa entre la tensión diastólica y la DP en los pacientes con hiperuricemia (r=0,657; p=0,039), aunque no en los pacientes con AU normal (r=0,054; p=0,730), respectivamente. Conclusión: Existe correlación entre la Pmáx y la DP y las cifras de tensión arterial diastólica en pacientes geriátricos con hiperuricemia.

Predictive value of P wave dispersion on atrial arrhythmias / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the predictive value of P wave dispersion (Pd) and maximum P wave duration (Pmax) of 12 lead ECG in patients with atrial arrhythmia.Methods51 cases of atrial arrhythmia group from October 2013 to April 2015 in Jiashan County First People's Hospital, patients with frequent atrial premature atrial tachycardia, were examined for the determination of P wave dispersion by 12 lead electrocardiograms (Pd) and maximum P wave duration (Pmax), and 53 healthy persons (control group) were compared.ResultsAtrial arrhythmia group Pd and Pmax were significantly higher than the control group, the rate is Pmax=100ms with Pd=40ms high prediction of atrial arrhythmia sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic, Pd=40ms=100ms combined with Pmax diagnosis, the sensitivity increased, but the specificity and diagnostic rate of decline.ConclusionPd is an effective index to predict atrial arrhythmias, and the combined detection of Pd and Pmax can improve the diagnostic sensitivity.

P wave dispersion on 12-lead electrocardiography in adolescents with neurocardiogenic syncope / 소아과

PURPOSE: Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is the most frequent cause of fainting during adolescence. Inappropriate cardiovascular autonomic control may be responsible for this clinical event. The head-up tilt test has been considered a diagnostic standard, but it is cumbersome and has a high false-positive rate. We performed a study to evaluate whether P-wave dispersion (PWD) could be a useful electrocardiographic parameter of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in children with NCS. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with NCS (28 boys and 26 girls; mean age, 12.3±1.4 years) and 55 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. PWD was obtained as the difference between maximum and minimum durations of the P wave on standard 12-lead electrocardiography in all patients and controls RESULTS: The value of PWD was significantly higher in the syncope group than in the control group (69.7±19.6 msec vs. 45.5±17.1 msec, respectively; P<0.001). The minimum duration of P wave was shorter in the syncope group than in the control group (43.8±16.8 msec vs. 53.5±10.7 msec, respectively; P<0.001). Left atrial volume was not different between the groups on transthoracic echocardiography. CONCLUSION: PWD on echocardiography could be used as a clinical parameter in patients with NCS.

Ischemic Stroke after Heart Transplantation / 대한뇌졸중학회지

Cerebrovascular complications after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) are more common in comparison with neurological sequelae subsequent to routine cardiac surgery. Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are more common (with an incidence of up to 13%) than intracranial hemorrhage (2.5%). Clinically, ischemic stroke is manifested by the appearance of focal neurologic deficits, although sometimes a stroke may be silent or manifests itself by the appearance of encephalopathy, reflecting a diffuse brain disorder. Ischemic stroke subtypes distribution in perioperative and postoperative period after OHT is very different from classical distribution, with different pathogenic mechanisms. Infact, ischemic stroke may be caused by less common and unusual mechanisms, linked to surgical procedures and to postoperative inflammation, peculiar to this group of patients. However, many strokes (40%) occur without a well-defined etiology (cryptogenic strokes). A silent atrial fibrillation (AF) may play a role in pathogenesis of these strokes and P wave dispersion may represent a predictor of AF. In OHT patients, P wave dispersion correlates with homocysteine plasma levels and hyperhomocysteinemia could play a role in the pathogenesis of these strokes with multiple mechanisms increasing the risk of AF. In conclusion, stroke after heart transplantation represents a complication with considerable impact not only on mortality but also on subsequent poor functional outcome.

To investigate atrial septum and right atrial appendage pacing for prevention of new-on atrial fibrillation / 安徽医科大学学报

66 patients with sick sinus syndrome were enrolled in this study. All patients meeting the indications for dual chamber pacing were randomly divided into two groups: right atrial appendage(RAA) pacing group was made up of 36 patients and low atrial septal(LAS) pacing group was made up of 30 patients. Follow-up was 12 months. The incidence of atrial fibrillation(AF) was lower in LAS group(3. 3% ) compared with the RAA group(19. 4% );P wave dispersion in RAA group was significantly higher than that in the LAS group (P < 0. 01). After 3 months of the operation, left atrial volume index(LAVI) in RAA group was significantly larger than that in the LAS group. In LAS group compared with the RAA group P wave dispersion and LAVI were significantly lower after operation in sick sinus syndrome. LAS pacing was superior to RAA pacing in preventing new atrial fibrillation.

Relation between Left Atrial Remodeling in Young Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke and Normal Inter-atrial Anatomy / 대한뇌졸중학회지

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate an association between left atrial (LA) structural and P wave dispersion (PWD) during sinus rhythm, and electrical remodeling in cryptogenic stroke (CS) patients. METHODS: Forty CS patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. P wave calculations were based on 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) at a 50-mm/s-paper speed with an amplitude of 10 mm/mV. Difference between the maximum and minimum P wave duration was the P wave dispersion (PWD=Pmax-Pmin). LA deformation was evaluated by speckle tracking echocardiography within 3 days of the acute event. RESULTS: PWD was 30.1+/-7.0 ms and 27.4+/-3.5 ms in CS and control group (P=0.02), whereas LA maximum volume index [LAVImax] was 20.4+/-4.5 mL/m2 and 19.9+/-2.4 mL/m2 in CS and control group, respectively (P = 0.04). While global peak LA strain was [pLA-S] (LA reservoir function) 41.4 +/- 6.3% and 44.5 +/- 7.1% in CS and control group, (P = 0.04), global peak late diastolic strain rate values [pLA-SRa] (LA pump function) were 2.5 +/- 0.4% and 2.9 +/- 0.5% in CS and control group, respectively (P = 0.001). A mild and a strong negative correlation between global pLA-S and LAVImax (r=-0.49; P<0.01), and between PWD and global pLA-S (r = -0.52; P < 0.01), respectively, was observed in CS. CONCLUSIONS: Increased PWD is associated with impaired LA mechanical functions and enlargement, and involved in the pathophysiology of AF or an AF-like physiology in CS.

Dispersión de la onda P incrementada en niños dependiendo de la presión arterial, del peso, talla, de la estructura y función cardiaca / P wave dispersion increased in childhood depending on blood pressure, weight, height, and cardiac structure and function

Introducción: La dispersión de onda P incrementada se señala como predictor de fibrilación auricular, existiendo asociación entre hipertensión arterial, dispersión de onda P y variables ecocardiográficas y constitucionales. Estas relaciones han sido poco estudiadas en pediatría. Objetivo: Determinar la relación de la dispersión de la onda P con presión arterial, variables ecocardiográficas y constitucionales, y determinar las variables más influyentes en los incrementos de la dispersión de la onda P en pediatría. Método: Se estudiaron en el marco del proyecto PROCDEC II niños de 8 a 11 años. Se midió presión arterial, se realizó electrocardiograma de superficie y ecocardiograma. Resultados: Los valores de media del índice de masa ventricular izquierda para normotensos (25.91 ± 5.96 g/m2.7) e hipertensos (30.34 ± 8.48 g/m2.7) mostraron diferencias significativas (p = 0.000). Un 50.38% de prehipertensos más hipertensos presentan índice de masa ventricular normal y dispersión de la onda P incrementada versus normotensos (13.36%). La presión arterial media, la duración de la onda A, el peso y la talla presentan un valor de r = 0.88 al relacionarlo de forma múltiple con la dispersión de la onda P. Conclusiones: El índice de masa ventricular y la dispersión de la onda P demuestran ser mayores en pacientes prehipertensos e hipertensos que en normotensos. Se encontraron pacientes prehipertensos e hipertensos con índice de masa ventricular normal y dispersión de la onda P incrementada. Las variables que demostraron mayor influencia en los aumentos de la dispersión de la onda P fueron la presión arterial media, la duración de la onda A del flujo mitral, el peso y la talla.

Introduction: Increased P wave dispersion are identified as a predictor of atrial fibrillation. There are associations between hypertension, P wave dispersion, constitutional and echocardiographic variables. These relationships have been scarcely studied in pediatrics. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between P wave dispersion, blood pressure, echocardiographic and constitutional variables, and determine the most influential variables on P wave dispersion increases in pediatrics. Method: In the frame of the PROCDEC II project, children from 8 to 11 years old, without known heart conditions were studied. Arterial blood pressure was measured in all the children; a 12-lead surface electrocardiogram and an echocardiogram were done as well. Results: Left ventricular mass index mean values for normotensive (25.91 ± 5.96 g/m2.7) and hypertensive (30.34 ± 8.48 g/m2.7) showed significant differences P = .000. When we add prehypertensive and hypertensive there are 50.38% with normal left ventricular mass index and P wave dispersion was increased versus 13.36% of normotensive. Multiple regression demonstrated that the mean blood pressure, duration of A wave of mitral inflow, weight and height have a value of r = 0.88 as related to P wave dispersion. Conclusions: P wave dispersion is increased in pre- and hypertensive children compared to normotensive. There are pre- and hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass index and increased P wave dispersion. Mean arterial pressure, duration of the A wave of mitral inflow, weight and height are the variables with the highest influence on increased P wave dispersion.

Relationship Between High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein and P Wave Dispersion in Patients With Lone Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To analyze the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and P wave dispersion (Pd) in patients with lone atrial ifbrillation (AF), and to explore the effect of inlfammation on atrial electrophysiological remodeling. Methods: Our research included 2 groups. AF group, containing 71 consecutive paroxysmal lone AF patients, and Control group, containing 71 paroxysmal supra ventricular tachycardia patients with the matched age and gender. The clinical characteristics, electrocardiographic Pd assessment and plasma hs-CRP levels were compared between 2 groups. The relationship between hs-CRP and Pd was studied by linear and multi linear regression analysis. Results: Compared with Control group, AF group showed increased left atrial diameter, Pd and hs-CRP, all P Conclusion: Plasma hs-CRP level and electrocardiographic Pd were the important risk factors for paroxysmal lone AF, the interaction between hs-CRP and AF occurrence could be mediated by Pd, suggesting that inlfammation might be involved in atrial electrophysiological remodeling.

Dependence of P-wave dispersion on mean arterial pressure as an independent hemodynamic variable in school children / Dependencia de la dispersión de la onda P en la presión arterial media como variable hemodinámica independiente en niños en edad escolar

Abstract Introduction: The relationship between diastolic dysfunction and P-wave dispersion (PWD) in the electrocardiogram has been studied for some time. In this regard, echocardiography is emerging as a diagnostic tool to improve risk stratification for mild hypertension. Objective: To determine the dependence of PWD on the electrocardiogram and on echocardiographic variables in a pediatric population. Methods: Five hundred and fifteen children from three elementary schools were studiedfrom a total of 565 children. Those whose parents did not want them to take part in the study, as well as those with known congenital diseases, were excluded. Tests including 12-lead surface ECGs and 4 blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed. Maximum and minimum P-values were measured, and the PWD on the electrocardiogram was calculated. Echocardiography for structural measurements and the pulsed Doppler of mitral flow were also performed. Results: A significant correlation in statistical variables was found between PWD and mean BP for pre-hypertensive and hypertensive children, i.e., r= 0.32, p <0.01 and r= 0.33, p <0.01, respectively. There was a significant correlation found between PWD and the left atrial area (r= 0.45 and p <0.01). Conclusions: We highlight the dependency between PWD, the electrocardiogram and mean blood pressure. We also draw attention to the dependence of PWD on the left atrial area. This result provides an explanation for earlier changes in atrial electrophysiological and hemodynamic characteristics in pediatric patients.

Resumen Introducción: La relación entre la disfunción diastólica y la dispersión de la onda P (PWD) en el electrocardiograma se ha estudiado durante algún tiempo. En este sentido, la ecocardiografía se está convirtiendo en una herramienta de diagnóstico para mejorar la estratificación de riesgo en la hipertensión leve. Objetivo: Determinar la dependencia de las PWD en el electrocardiograma de las variables ecocardiográficas en una población pediátrica. Métodos: De un total de 565 niños de tres escuelas primarias, fueron estudiados 515 niños. Fueron excluidos del estudio, aquellos niños cuyos padres se negaron a participar, y los niños con enfermedades congénitas conocidas. Se les realizó electrocardiograma de superficie de 12 derivaciones y se realizaron 4 tomas de presión arterial. Fueron medidas las ondas P del electrocardiograma y calculada su dispersión. Se realizó ecocardiografía para medidas estructurales y Doppler pulsado del flujo mitral. Resultados Se demuestra correlación significativa entre la PWD y la tensión arterial media para prehipertensos e hipertensos r= 0.32, p <0.01 y r= 0.33 p <0.01, respectivamente. Existe una correlación significativa entre PWD y área de la aurícula izquierda (r= 0.45 y p <0.01). Conclusiones: Existe dependencia de la dispersión de la onda P del electrocardiograma de la tensión arterial media. Se demostró dependencia de la dispersión de la onda P sobre el área auricular izquierda. Este resultado sugiere la existencia de cambios en las características electrofisiológicas auriculares y cambios hemodinámicos en la población pediátrica estudiada.

Increased P-wave dispersion in patients with newly diagnosed lichen planus

OBJECTIVE: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune mucocutaneous disease. Recent research has emphasized the strong association between inflammation and both P-wave dispersion and dyslipidemia. The difference between the maximum and minimum P-wave durations on an electrocardiogram is defined as P-wave dispersion. The prolongation of P-wave dispersion has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate P-wave dispersion in patients with lichen planus. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with lichen planus and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this study. We obtained electrocardiographic recordings from all participants and used them to calculate the P-wave variables. We also assessed the levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, which is an inflammatory marker, and the lipid levels for each group. The results were reported as the means ± standard deviations and percentages. RESULTS: The P-wave dispersion was significantly higher in lichen planus patients than in the control group. Additionally, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in lichen planus patients compared to the controls. There was a significant positive correlation between highly sensitive C-reactive protein and P-wave dispersion (r = 0.549, p<0.001) in lichen planus patients. CONCLUSIONS: P-wave dispersion increased on the surface electrocardiographic measurements of lichen planus patients. This result may be important in the early detection of subclinical cardiac involvement. Increased P-wave dispersion, in terms of the tendency for atrial fibrillation, should be considered in these patients. .

Relación entre la dispersión de la onda P, el índice de masa ventricular izquierda y la tensión arterial / Relationship between P wave dispersion, left ventricular mass index and blood pressure

Introducción. El estudio de los factores de riesgo para padecer hipertensión arterial en los niños garantiza establecer políticas de salud a fin de evitar futuras complicaciones asociadas a esta enfermedad. Los mayores valores de dispersión de la onda P, mientras el paciente está en ritmo sinusal, se señalan como predictores de fibrilación auricular en el adulto, ya que existe una asociación entre la hipertensión arterial, la dispersión de la onda P y la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la relación entre la tensión arterial, el índice de masa ventricular izquierda y la dispersión de la onda P en pediatría. Población y métodos. Se estudiaron, en el marco del proyecto PROCDEC II, niños de 8 a 11 años, sin cardiopatías conocidas. En todos se midió la tensión arterial y se realizó un electrocardiograma de superficie de 12 derivaciones y un ecocardiograma. Resultados. Los valores de la media del índice de masa ventricular izquierda para normotensos (25,21 ± 5,96 g/m²) e hipertensos (30,38 ± 7,39 g/m²) mostraron diferencias significativas (p= 0,000). La media del área auricular izquierda mostró diferencias significativas (p= 0,000) al comparar los prehipertensos (10,98 ± 2,23 cm²) e hipertensos (12,21 ± 1,27 cm²) con los normotensos (10,66 ± 2,38 cm²). La correlación entre la dispersión de la onda P y el índice de masa ventricular izquierda mostró r= 0,87 y p= 0,000. Conclusiones. La dispersión de la onda P está incrementada en los prehipertensos e hipertensos en relación con los normotensos. Se encontró una dependencia de la dispersión de la onda P del índice de masa ventricular izquierda en los hipertensos.

Introduction. The study of arterial hypertension risk factors in children guarantees the establishment of health policies to avoid complications associated with this illness in the future. The highest values of P-wave dispersion during sinus rhythm are pointed as predictors of atrial fibrillation in adulthood since there is an association between arterial hypertension, P-wave dispersion and left ventricular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between blood pressure, left ventricular mass index and P-wave dispersion in the pediatric population. Population and methods. In the frame of the PROCDEC II project, children from 8 to 11 years old, without known heart conditions were studied. Arterial blood pressure was measured in all the children; a 12-lead surface ECG and an echocardiogram were done as well. Results. Left ventricular mass index mean values for normotensive (25.21 ± 5.96 g/m²) and hypertensive (30.38 ± 7.39 g/m²) children showed significant differences (p= 0.000). The mean value of the left atrial area was significantly different (p= 0.000) when comparing prehypertensive (10.98 ± 2.23 cm2) and hypertensive (12.21 ± 1.27 cm²) children to normotensive ones (10.66 ± 2.38 cm²). The correlation of P-wave dispersion and the left ventricular mass index showed an r= 0.87 and p= 0.000. Conclusions. P-wave dispersion is increased in pre- and hypertensive children compared to normotensive ones. A dependence of the P-wave dispersion of the left ventricular mass index was found in hypertensive children.

Icremento en la dispersión de la onda P dependiente de la tensión arterial media en prehipertensos e hipertensos / Increased P wave dispersion dependent on mean arterial pressure in prehypertensive and hypertension / Aumento da dispersão da onda P dependente da tensão arterial média em préhipertensos e hipertensos

Introducción: La dispersión de onda P del electrocardiograma, constituye una herramienta para predecir fibrilación auricular. Los mayores valores de dispersión de onda P se han relacionado en adultos con parixismo de Fibrilación Auricular. Material y métodos: En tres escuelas primarias, del total de 450 alumnos entre 8 a 11 años de edad, se estudiaron 400 niños, excluyendo aquellos que sus padres no desearon que participaran en el estudio y aquellos con patologías congénitas conocidas. Se les realizó electrocardiograma, y se practicaron cuatro tomas de presión arterial. Se midieron los valores de P máxima, P mínima en cada una de las 12 derivaciones y se calculó la dispersión de la onda P. Resultados: La media de dispersión de la onda P es mayor en hipertensos que en normotensos...

Introduction: P wave dispersion in the electrocardiogram, is a tool for predicting atrial fibrillation. The highest values of P wave dispersion have been associated in adults with paroxysmof atrial fibrillation. Material and methods: In three primary schools, the total of 450 students between 8-11 years of age, 400 children were studied, excluding those whose parents did not want to participate in the study and those with known congenital diseases. Electrocardiogram was performed, and four blood pressure taps were performed. We measured the values of P maximum, P minimum in each ofthe 12 leads was calculated and the P wave dispersion. Results: The mean P wave dispersion is higher in hypertensive than in normotensive (38.5 to 32.5, respectively, p=0.04). There was significant correlation between P wave dispersion and mean arterial pressure for prehypertensive and hypertensive r=0.334, p=0.000 and r=0.37, p=0.000, respectively. Discussion: The increase in the values of P wave dispersion is associated with increases in vulnerability to developing atrial arrhythmias. Conclusions: There are significant differences between the values of P wave dispersion of the electrocardiogram in normotensive populations, prehypertensive and hypertensive since childhood.

Introdução: A dispersão de onda P do eletrocardiograma constitui uma ferramenta para predizer fibrilação atrial. Os maiores valores de dispersão de onda P têm sido relacionados emadultos com paroxismo de Fibrilação Atrial. Material e métodos: Em três escolas primárias, do total de 450 alunos entre 8 e 11 anos de idade, foram estudadas 400 crianças, excluindo aquelas cujos pais não desejaram que participassem do estudo e aquelas com patologias congênitas conhecidas. Foi realizado eletrocardiograma nelas e também foi tirada sua pressão arterial quatro vezes. Foram medidos os valores de P máxima, P mínima em cada uma das 12 derivações e foi calculada a dispersão da onda P. Resultados: A média de dispersão da onda P é maior em hipertensos que em normotensos (38.5 a 32.5; respectivamente, p=0.04). Existe correlação significativa entre dispersão da onda P e a tensão arterial média para pré-hipertensos e hipertensos: r=0.334, p=0.000 e r=0.37,p=0.000; respectivamente. Discussão: O aumento nos valores de dispersão de onda P está relacionado com aumentos na vulnerabilidade atrial para o desenvolvimento de arritmias. Conclusões: Existem diferenças significativas entre os valores de dispersão de onda P do eletrocardiograma em populaçõesnormotensas, pré-hipertensas e hipertensas desde a infância.

Marcadores eletrocardiográficos para detecção precoce de doença cardíaca em pacientes com talassemia beta maior / Electrocardiographic markers for the early detection of cardiac disease in patients with beta-thalassemia major

OBJETIVO: Analisar comparativamente a dispersão da onda P (DOP) em pacientes com talassemia beta maior (β-TM) e indivíduos saudáveis (controles) para a detecção precoce do risco de arritmias. MÉTODOS: Oitenta e uma crianças com β-TM, com idades entre 4 e 19 anos, e 74 crianças saudáveis (grupo controle) foram submetidas a exame eletrocardiográfico e ecocardiograma transtorácico de rotina para avaliação cardíaca. A DOP foi calculada como a diferença entre as durações máxima e mínima da onda P. RESULTADOS: Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o grupo de estudo e o grupo controle no pico de velocidade do fluxo transmitral no início da diástole (E) e na razão E/fluxo transmitral tardio (A). A duração máxima da onda P e a DOP foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com β-TM do que nos indivíduos controles. CONCLUSÕES: O aumento da DOP em nossos pacientes com β-TM pode estar relacionado à depressão na condução intra-atrial, devido à dilatação atrial, e ao aumento da atividade simpática. Estes pacientes devem ser acompanhados atentamente devido à possibilidade de ocorrência de arritmias com risco de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To comparatively evaluate P-wave dispersion (PWD) in patients with β-thalassemia major (TM) and healthy control subjects for the early prediction of arrhythmia risk. METHODS: Eighty-one children with β-TM, aged 4-19 years, and 74 healthy children (control group) underwent routine electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography for cardiac evaluation. PWD was calculated as the difference between the maximum and the minimum P-wave duration. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between study and control groups in peak early (E) mitral inflow velocity and E/late (A) velocity ratio. Maximum P-wave duration and PWD were found to be significantly higher in β-TM patients than in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Increased PWD in our β-TM patients might be related to depression of intra-atrial conduction due to atrial dilatation and increased sympathetic activity. These patients should be closely followed up for risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.

Evaluation of P wave dispersion and maximum P wave duration in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the electrophysiology mechanism of the P wave dispersion (Pd) and the maximum P wave duration (Pmax) in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF),and evaluate the effect of the Pd and Pmax in the prediction of PAF. Methods Forty-eight patients with PAF (group PAF) were slected and divided into 2 sub-groups according to the organic heart disease,group PAF1 (20 cases, without organic heart disease) and group PAF2 ( 28 cases, with organic heart disease). Forty-six patients without PAF were selected as control group. The Pd and Pmax were measured from the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram (ECG). Results The Pd and Pmax in group PAF was higher than that in control group [(41.11 ± 4.97 ) ms vs. (27.77 ± 4.72) ms, ( 111.43 ± 8.01 ) ms vs. (95.57 ± 9.01 ) ms] (P ＜ 0.05 ). The Pmaxin group PAF2 was significantly higher than that in group PAF1 (P ＜ 0.05),and there was no significant difference in the Pd between group PAF2 and group PAF1 (P＞ 0.05 ). The specificity, sensitivity and positive predictive value of Pd ≥40 ms combined with Pmax ≥ 110 ms was 95.65%, 81.25% and 95.12%. Conclusion The Pd and Pmax in the patients with PAF are significantly higher than those in the patients without PAF, and Pd≥40 ms combined with Pmax≥ 110 ms can be used to predict the PAF more reliably and accurately.